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According to Uno (2013), pragmatism is a philosophy that welcomes individuals’ freedom to conduct various experiments on the premise of human fallibility, and democracy is the institution that makes that freedom possible. It is John Dewey who presented the idea that the essence of democracy is protecting the freedom to conduct experiments under the premise of fallibility. In that sense, it may be said that the theory of innovation-driven justice is an idea that is close to Dewey's pragmatism. The theory of the universe that was advocated by Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founding fathers of the philosophy of pragmatism, is based on a worldview that is very similar to the theory of “strong isomorphism” (see Uno [2013] and Ito [2006]). Peirce believes that the universe is comprised of three elements. The first element is “chance (chaos),” and the second is “law.” The universe starts from a state of chaos—a state in which chance is the dominant factor— and then it gradually develops into a state that is governed by laws. Ultimately, when everything has come to be governed by laws, the universe comes to an end. Under Peirce’s theory of the universe, it is the third element, “habit,” that crystalizes the first element, chance, into the second element, law. According to this theory, chance ultimately comes to be governed by laws, and laws are created through the habit-formation process. The idea that the laws of the universe (laws of physics and chemistry) are created through habit formation may sound nonsensical. However, it makes sense if habit formation is understood to mean the process of learning on the part of observers of the world (humans and artificial intelligence). The habit formation as conceived under the philosophy of pragmatism is a process similar to the identification of features (fixed patterns) by AI systems, particularly through deep learning. If we interpret Peirce’s theory of the universe in that way, it may be said that the theory presents a worldview that is very similar to the theory of strong isomorphism. The relationship between the habit formation as conceived under the philosophy of pragmatism and deep learning, which has led to the arrival of the theory of strong isomorphism, must be analyzed in detail. By linking the theory of strong isomorphism to the philosophy of pragmatism, it may become possible to conceive a new philosophy suited to the era of AI. Realizing that vision is a challenge for future research. October 23, 2023 Print Article(s) by this author Has Policy Succeeded in Influencing Expectations? March 28, 2024［Newspapers & Magazines］ Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of Fallibility November 10, 2023［RIETI Report］ Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of FallibilityColumn: Philosophy of Fallibility and Pragmatism October 23, 2023［Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of Fallibility］ Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of FallibilityPart 23: Will Superhumans Eradicate Ordinary Human Beings? September 21, 2023［Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of Fallibility］ Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of FallibilityPart 22: Fallibility and Freedom August 21, 2023［Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of Fallibility］ Articles Column Special Series Newspapers & Magazines Fellows' Works Artificial Intelligence and Society: Philosophy of Fallibility East Asian Economic Strategies Research Notes on Spatial Economies Exploring the Global Financial Information Superhighway Kobayashi-sensei's Economic Research Picks On Governance and Leadership China in Transition Economics Review Digital Convergence Forum Revising Foreign Policy Interview Series: Economic Policy ExPost Evaluation of 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan Social System Design Workshop VoxEU Column From IZA Perspectives from Around the World Other Contents RIETI Report Policy Update Keizai Sangyo Journal Communications Newsletter RSS Feed Facebook X YouTube Research Areas Research Programs (FY2024-2028) Research Programs (FY2020-2023) Research Programs (FY2016-2019) Research Programs (FY2011-2015) Policy Research Domains (FY2006-2010) Projects Survey Fellows Research/Policy Papers Discussion Papers (English) Discussion Papers (Japanese) Policy Discussion Papers (English) Policy Discussion Papers (Japanese) Technical Papers (English) Technical Papers (Japanese) Non Technical Summaries List of Articles in Journals Research Digest Discussion Papers Search Publications RIETI Books (English) RIETI Books (Japanese) History of Japan's Trade and Industry Policy Authors' Words Other Publications (English) Other Publications (Japanese) Events Symposiums Workshops BBL Seminars Archived Seminar Series Data JIP Database R-JIP Database CIP Database Industry-Specific Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rates AMU and AMU Deviation Indicators JSTAR RIETI-TID RIETI FDI Database ICPA Project Links Articles Column Special Series Newspapers & Magazines Fellows' Works VoxEU Column From IZA Perspectives from Around the World Other Contents RIETI Report Policy Update Keizai Sangyo Journal (METI Journal) About RIETI Privacy Policy Site Policy Site Map Help Contact METI Web Site Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, IAA (JCN 6010005005426)JCN: Japan Corporate Number Opinions expressed or implied on this website are solely those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).Titles, numbers, specific names, etc. on this website are as of the date of publication. 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